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笛卡兒：引導天賦的規則
笛卡兒：引導天賦的規則 ( Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii )
Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii 引導天賦的規則 (Marion : Règles utiles et claires pour la direction de l’Esprit en la recherche de la vérité ; 在對真理之尋求中用以引導天賦之有用而清晰的規則)
Rule One -The aim of our studies should be to direct the mind with a view to forming true and sound judgements about whatever comes before it.
規則一：研究的目的乃是要給予天賦（ingenij）一個引導方向讓它對於所有顯現於它面前的東西都能形成堅固、真實的判斷。
Rule Two - We should attend only to those objects of which our minds seem capable of having certain and indubitable cognition.
規則二：真正要關心的對象是那些我們的天賦能夠獲得確定無疑的知識的對象。
Rule Three - Concerning objects proposed for study, we ought to investigate what we can clearly and evidently intuit or deduce with certainty, and not what other people have thought or what we ourselves conjecture. For knowledge can be attained in no other way.
規則三：對於我們研究所關注的對象，需要研究的不是其他人所想的或者我們所臆測的，而是我們能夠有清楚、明顯的直觀的，或者我們能夠確定地推論的：因為這無非就是科學所要獲得到的。
Rule Four - We need a method if we are to investigate the truth of things.
規則四：為了研究真理，方法乃是必要的。Necessaria est methodus ad rerem veritatem investigandam.
Rule Five - The whole method consists entirely in the ordering and arranging of the objects on which we must concentrate our mind's eye if we are to discover some truth. We shall be following this method exactly if we first reduce complicated and obscure propositions step by step to simpler ones, and then, starting with the intuition of the simplest ones of all, try to ascend through the same steps to a knowledge of all the rest.
規則五：一切的方法都存在於對事物的安排、處置上，使得心靈能夠穿透，而發現若干真理。這條規則我們要特別注意堅守住，倘若我們要逐步地將複雜、隱晦的命題引導向較為單純的命題，並倘若我們希望從所有最單純的命題的直觀開始，順著同樣的步驟、層次，提升到對其他事物的知識上。
Rule Six- In order to distinguish the simplest things from those that are complicated and to set them out in an orderly manner, we should attend to what is most simple in each series of things in which we have directly deduced some truths from others, and should observe how all the rest are more, or less, or equally removed from the simplest.
規則六：為了將最規則單純的事物跟較為複雜的事物區分開，並將之井然有序表達出，我們應該專注在每個系列事物中最為單純的，從中演繹出某些真理，也應當觀察到其他事物怎麼樣地有別於最單純的事物。
Rule Seven - In order to make our knowledge complete, every single thing relating to our undertaking must be surveyed in a continuous and wholly uninterrupted sweep of thought, and be included in a sufficient and well-ordered enumeration.
規則七：為了讓知識完備，每種單一的事物，只要跟我們的目標相關，就應當放在連續而不中斷的思想中加以考察，而歸入充分有秩序的條理羅列之中。
Rule Eight - If in the series of things to be examined we come across something which our intellect is unable to intuit sufficiently well, we must stop at that point, and refrain from the superfluous task of examining the remaining items.
如果在我們所研究的一系列對象之中，有某些事物不能讓我們的知性充分地直觀到的話，那麼，我們就應該停止於那個點上，不在繼續檢視接下來的項目，以避免膚淺的工作進行。
Rule Nine - We must concentrate our mind's eye totally upon the most insignificant and easiest of matters, and dwell on them long enough to acquire the habit of intuiting the truth distinctly and clearly.
我們應該將天賦都集中在所有最不重要、最簡單的事物上，而且要停留地夠久，直到我們有習慣能明白地且透徹地直觀到真理。
Rule Ten - In order to acquire discernment we should exercise our intelligence by investigating what others have already discovered, and methodically survey even the most insignificant products of human skill, especially those which display or presuppose order.
為了讓天賦變得有智慧，我們必須練習研究別人已經發現的東西，也要練習用方法檢視人們的所有技藝，即使是最不重要的也好，但特別是那些顯現出秩序，或假定著秩序的事物。
Rule Eleven - If, after intuiting a number of simple propositions, we deduce something else from them, it is useful to run through them in a continuous and completely uninterrupted train of thought, to reflect on their relations to one another, and to form a distinct and, as far as possible, simultaneous conception of several of them. For in this way our knowledge becomes much more certain, and our mental capacity is enormously increased.
如果在直觀了許多的單純命題之後，我們演繹出一些不同的東西，透過一種連續、完整無中斷的思想流來反省它們彼此的關係是有用的，同時，儘可能地形成一個同時的明白的概念。在這樣的方式裡，我們的知識變得更為確定，我們的心靈能力高度地增進了。
Rule Twelve - Finally we must make use of all the aids which intellect, imagination, sense-perception, and memory afford in order, firstly, to intuit simple propositions distinctly; secondly, to combine correctly the matters under investigation with what we already know, so that they too may be known; and thirdly, to find out what things should be compared with each other so that we make the most thorough use of all our human powers.
最後，我們必須求助於智性、想像、感官、記憶，1)以便於明明白白地直觀單純的命題，2)或者為了能正確地將我們研究的主題跟已經知道的東西產生聯繫，使得那些事物也可被認識；3)或者，為了探求那些應該彼此比較的事物，不忽略掉人所能努力的任何部份。
Rule Thirteen - If we perfectly understand a problem we must abstract it from every superfluous conception, reduce it to its simplest terms and, by means of an enumeration, divide it up into the smallest possible parts.
如果我們完全地理解了一個問題，我們應該將之從任何膚淺的概念抽離出來，將此問題化約成它最單純的詞項，而且，在細數、羅列之中，儘可能地將它分成最小的部份。
Rule Fourteen - The problem should be re-expressed in terms of the real extension of bodies and should be pictured in our imagination entirely by means of bare figures. Thus it will be perceived much more distinctly by our intellect.
同樣的規則轉移到物體的實際擴延上，也可適用，也應該可以只用圖形來完整地呈現在我們的想像之中。所以，規則也可以更為明白地被智性所掌握。
Rule Fifteen - It is generally helpful if we draw these figures and display them before our external senses. In this way it will be easier for us to keep our mind alert.
一般而言，如果我們能夠在外在感官之前，畫出圖形跟演示圖形，會很有用處。在此情形下，我們思惟會更為專注。
Rule Sixteen - As for things which do not require the immediate attention of the mind, however necessary they may be for the conclusion, it is better to represent them by very concise symbols rather than by complete figures. It will thus be impossible for our memory to go wrong, and our mind will not be distracted by having to retain these while it is taken up with deducing other matters.
至於那些無法獲得心靈的直接注意的事物，儘管對於結論來說有多麼必要，用精簡的符號來表達，更勝過用全部的圖形來表達。因此，我們的記憶力不會出錯，而心靈，當它著眼於演繹其他事物時，也不會分心而受阻礙。
Rule Seventeen - We should make a direct survey of the problem to be solved, disregarding the fact that some of its terms are known and others unknown, and intuiting, through a train of sound reasoning, the dependence of one term on another.
對於應解決的問題，應該做直接的探討，不必太顧慮到某些項目已經被知，而有些項目未知；同時，透過一系列良好的推理，能直觀到項目之間的依賴關係。
Rule Eighteen - For this purpose only four operations are required: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The latter two operations should seldom be employed here, for they may lead to needless complication, and they can be carried out more easily later.
對於上述目的，只需要有四項演算：加、減、乘、除。後兩種演算應當較少被用到，因為，它們只會引起無謂的複雜化，到較後來的部份時，才會較為輕易地被運用。
Rule Nineteen - Using this method of reasoning, we must try to find as many magnitudes, expressed in two different ways, as there are unknown terms, which we treat as known in order to work out the problem in the direct way. That will give us as many comparisons between two equal terms.
在使用推理的方法時，應該以兩種不同的方法，嘗試發現相同多的數量，如果有未知項的話，我們可以設想為已知項，以便以直接的方式來解決問題。這樣，在兩個相同的項目之間就會有更多的比較。
Rule Twenty - Once we have found the equations, we must carry out the operations which we have left aside, never using multiplication when division is in order.
一旦我們找出了等式（方程式），就應該把原本暫時未解出的演算執行出來，在應當用到除法之時，決不可用乘法。
Rule Twenty-one - If there are many equations of this sort, they should all be reduced to a single one, viz. to the equation whose terms occupy fewer places in the series of magnitudes which are in continued proportion, i.e. the series in which the order of the terms is to be arranged.
如果有同種類的許多等式，就應該化簡到一個等式，也就是說，化簡到在連續比例中量的系列裡只有少數項，換言之，在此系列中，項目的秩序被安排好了。
黃冠閔 2001,11暫譯
source :
上帝證明書──讀笛卡兒《沉思錄》
http://housescheung.blogspot.hk/2010/05/blog-post_19.html
笛卡兒：第一哲學沉思集——反駁和答辯
http://www.saohua.com/shuku/zhexue.htm
http://phiphicake.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_1645.html
沉思錄 / 笛卡兒著 / 志文出版
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010280078
Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii 引導天賦的規則 (Marion : Règles utiles et claires pour la direction de l’Esprit en la recherche de la vérité ; 在對真理之尋求中用以引導天賦之有用而清晰的規則)
Rule One -The aim of our studies should be to direct the mind with a view to forming true and sound judgements about whatever comes before it.
規則一：研究的目的乃是要給予天賦（ingenij）一個引導方向讓它對於所有顯現於它面前的東西都能形成堅固、真實的判斷。
Rule Two - We should attend only to those objects of which our minds seem capable of having certain and indubitable cognition.
規則二：真正要關心的對象是那些我們的天賦能夠獲得確定無疑的知識的對象。
Rule Three - Concerning objects proposed for study, we ought to investigate what we can clearly and evidently intuit or deduce with certainty, and not what other people have thought or what we ourselves conjecture. For knowledge can be attained in no other way.
規則三：對於我們研究所關注的對象，需要研究的不是其他人所想的或者我們所臆測的，而是我們能夠有清楚、明顯的直觀的，或者我們能夠確定地推論的：因為這無非就是科學所要獲得到的。
Rule Four - We need a method if we are to investigate the truth of things.
規則四：為了研究真理，方法乃是必要的。Necessaria est methodus ad rerem veritatem investigandam.
Rule Five - The whole method consists entirely in the ordering and arranging of the objects on which we must concentrate our mind's eye if we are to discover some truth. We shall be following this method exactly if we first reduce complicated and obscure propositions step by step to simpler ones, and then, starting with the intuition of the simplest ones of all, try to ascend through the same steps to a knowledge of all the rest.
規則五：一切的方法都存在於對事物的安排、處置上，使得心靈能夠穿透，而發現若干真理。這條規則我們要特別注意堅守住，倘若我們要逐步地將複雜、隱晦的命題引導向較為單純的命題，並倘若我們希望從所有最單純的命題的直觀開始，順著同樣的步驟、層次，提升到對其他事物的知識上。
Rule Six- In order to distinguish the simplest things from those that are complicated and to set them out in an orderly manner, we should attend to what is most simple in each series of things in which we have directly deduced some truths from others, and should observe how all the rest are more, or less, or equally removed from the simplest.
規則六：為了將最規則單純的事物跟較為複雜的事物區分開，並將之井然有序表達出，我們應該專注在每個系列事物中最為單純的，從中演繹出某些真理，也應當觀察到其他事物怎麼樣地有別於最單純的事物。
Rule Seven - In order to make our knowledge complete, every single thing relating to our undertaking must be surveyed in a continuous and wholly uninterrupted sweep of thought, and be included in a sufficient and well-ordered enumeration.
規則七：為了讓知識完備，每種單一的事物，只要跟我們的目標相關，就應當放在連續而不中斷的思想中加以考察，而歸入充分有秩序的條理羅列之中。
Rule Eight - If in the series of things to be examined we come across something which our intellect is unable to intuit sufficiently well, we must stop at that point, and refrain from the superfluous task of examining the remaining items.
如果在我們所研究的一系列對象之中，有某些事物不能讓我們的知性充分地直觀到的話，那麼，我們就應該停止於那個點上，不在繼續檢視接下來的項目，以避免膚淺的工作進行。
Rule Nine - We must concentrate our mind's eye totally upon the most insignificant and easiest of matters, and dwell on them long enough to acquire the habit of intuiting the truth distinctly and clearly.
我們應該將天賦都集中在所有最不重要、最簡單的事物上，而且要停留地夠久，直到我們有習慣能明白地且透徹地直觀到真理。
Rule Ten - In order to acquire discernment we should exercise our intelligence by investigating what others have already discovered, and methodically survey even the most insignificant products of human skill, especially those which display or presuppose order.
為了讓天賦變得有智慧，我們必須練習研究別人已經發現的東西，也要練習用方法檢視人們的所有技藝，即使是最不重要的也好，但特別是那些顯現出秩序，或假定著秩序的事物。
Rule Eleven - If, after intuiting a number of simple propositions, we deduce something else from them, it is useful to run through them in a continuous and completely uninterrupted train of thought, to reflect on their relations to one another, and to form a distinct and, as far as possible, simultaneous conception of several of them. For in this way our knowledge becomes much more certain, and our mental capacity is enormously increased.
如果在直觀了許多的單純命題之後，我們演繹出一些不同的東西，透過一種連續、完整無中斷的思想流來反省它們彼此的關係是有用的，同時，儘可能地形成一個同時的明白的概念。在這樣的方式裡，我們的知識變得更為確定，我們的心靈能力高度地增進了。
Rule Twelve - Finally we must make use of all the aids which intellect, imagination, sense-perception, and memory afford in order, firstly, to intuit simple propositions distinctly; secondly, to combine correctly the matters under investigation with what we already know, so that they too may be known; and thirdly, to find out what things should be compared with each other so that we make the most thorough use of all our human powers.
最後，我們必須求助於智性、想像、感官、記憶，1)以便於明明白白地直觀單純的命題，2)或者為了能正確地將我們研究的主題跟已經知道的東西產生聯繫，使得那些事物也可被認識；3)或者，為了探求那些應該彼此比較的事物，不忽略掉人所能努力的任何部份。
Rule Thirteen - If we perfectly understand a problem we must abstract it from every superfluous conception, reduce it to its simplest terms and, by means of an enumeration, divide it up into the smallest possible parts.
如果我們完全地理解了一個問題，我們應該將之從任何膚淺的概念抽離出來，將此問題化約成它最單純的詞項，而且，在細數、羅列之中，儘可能地將它分成最小的部份。
Rule Fourteen - The problem should be re-expressed in terms of the real extension of bodies and should be pictured in our imagination entirely by means of bare figures. Thus it will be perceived much more distinctly by our intellect.
同樣的規則轉移到物體的實際擴延上，也可適用，也應該可以只用圖形來完整地呈現在我們的想像之中。所以，規則也可以更為明白地被智性所掌握。
Rule Fifteen - It is generally helpful if we draw these figures and display them before our external senses. In this way it will be easier for us to keep our mind alert.
一般而言，如果我們能夠在外在感官之前，畫出圖形跟演示圖形，會很有用處。在此情形下，我們思惟會更為專注。
Rule Sixteen - As for things which do not require the immediate attention of the mind, however necessary they may be for the conclusion, it is better to represent them by very concise symbols rather than by complete figures. It will thus be impossible for our memory to go wrong, and our mind will not be distracted by having to retain these while it is taken up with deducing other matters.
至於那些無法獲得心靈的直接注意的事物，儘管對於結論來說有多麼必要，用精簡的符號來表達，更勝過用全部的圖形來表達。因此，我們的記憶力不會出錯，而心靈，當它著眼於演繹其他事物時，也不會分心而受阻礙。
Rule Seventeen - We should make a direct survey of the problem to be solved, disregarding the fact that some of its terms are known and others unknown, and intuiting, through a train of sound reasoning, the dependence of one term on another.
對於應解決的問題，應該做直接的探討，不必太顧慮到某些項目已經被知，而有些項目未知；同時，透過一系列良好的推理，能直觀到項目之間的依賴關係。
Rule Eighteen - For this purpose only four operations are required: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The latter two operations should seldom be employed here, for they may lead to needless complication, and they can be carried out more easily later.
對於上述目的，只需要有四項演算：加、減、乘、除。後兩種演算應當較少被用到，因為，它們只會引起無謂的複雜化，到較後來的部份時，才會較為輕易地被運用。
Rule Nineteen - Using this method of reasoning, we must try to find as many magnitudes, expressed in two different ways, as there are unknown terms, which we treat as known in order to work out the problem in the direct way. That will give us as many comparisons between two equal terms.
在使用推理的方法時，應該以兩種不同的方法，嘗試發現相同多的數量，如果有未知項的話，我們可以設想為已知項，以便以直接的方式來解決問題。這樣，在兩個相同的項目之間就會有更多的比較。
Rule Twenty - Once we have found the equations, we must carry out the operations which we have left aside, never using multiplication when division is in order.
一旦我們找出了等式（方程式），就應該把原本暫時未解出的演算執行出來，在應當用到除法之時，決不可用乘法。
Rule Twenty-one - If there are many equations of this sort, they should all be reduced to a single one, viz. to the equation whose terms occupy fewer places in the series of magnitudes which are in continued proportion, i.e. the series in which the order of the terms is to be arranged.
如果有同種類的許多等式，就應該化簡到一個等式，也就是說，化簡到在連續比例中量的系列裡只有少數項，換言之，在此系列中，項目的秩序被安排好了。
黃冠閔 2001,11暫譯
source :
上帝證明書──讀笛卡兒《沉思錄》
http://housescheung.blogspot.hk/2010/05/blog-post_19.html
笛卡兒：第一哲學沉思集——反駁和答辯
http://www.saohua.com/shuku/zhexue.htm
http://phiphicake.blogspot.com/2008/05/blog-post_1645.html
沉思錄 / 笛卡兒著 / 志文出版
http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010280078
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